Licensed vehicle dealers, tow operators and wreckers in Lynnwood, WA
176 active vehicle business licenses in Lynnwood, WA, in the file of October 1, 2026.
| Business | Reference | License type | Expires |
|---|---|---|---|
| A1 SEATTLE TAXI #526 MP PARIHAR LLC | FH-6050057670001 | For Hire | Dec 31, 2026 |
| ADVANCED SOUND & TINT LLC | TRSP-13304 | Vehicle Transporter | Nov 30, 2026 |
| AIRPORT LIMO AMRIT PAL SINGH | LIMO-6016957080001 | Limousine Carrier | Dec 31, 2026 |
| AK ROADSIDE LLC | TOW-17535 | Registered Tow Truck Operator | Jun 30, 2027 |
| AK ROADSIDE LLC | HULK-17536 | Motor Vehicle Hulk Hauler | Jun 30, 2027 |
| ALL MODERN AUTOMOTIVE ALL MODERN AUTOMOTIVE CORP | TRSP-16281 | Vehicle Transporter | Nov 30, 2026 |
| ALTA AUTO SALES ALTA CUSTOMS LLC | TRSP-13165 | Vehicle Transporter | Jan 31, 2027 |
| ALTA AUTO SALES ALTA CUSTOMS LLC | MVD-16871 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Jan 31, 2027 |
| AMBER HOMES LLC | MHDS-11178 | Mfd Home/Travel-Trailer Dealer Subagency | Jun 30, 2027 |
| APEX LIMO LLC | LIMO-6061010280001 | Limousine Carrier | Mar 31, 2027 |
| AUTO CAR ZONE, LLC | MVDS-07001 | Motor Vehicle Dealer Subagency | Jul 31, 2027 |
| AUTOBAHN AVENUE CAR SALES QURESHI ENTERPRISES LLC | MVD-17550 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Oct 31, 2026 |
| AUTOPLEX MOTORS ANA AUTO GROUP, INC. | MVD-00280 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Feb 28, 2027 |
| AUTOWERX JASON FRASER ENTERPRISES INC. | MVD-07019 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Mar 31, 2027 |
| AUTOWERX JASON FRASER ENTERPRISES INC. | ORV-00239 | Off-Road Vehicle Dealer | Mar 31, 2027 |
| AUTOWERX JASON FRASER ENTERPRISES INC. | SNOW-00116 | Snowmobile Dealer | Mar 31, 2027 |
| BENCHMARK AUTO SALON INC BENCHMARK AUTO SALON, INC | TRSP-14641 | Vehicle Transporter | Nov 30, 2026 |
| BEYEN AMHA A AMHA A BEYEN | LIMO-6034100430001 | Limousine Carrier | Jun 30, 2027 |
| BLACK DIAMOND LIMO LLC | LIMO-6029729440001 | Limousine Carrier | Dec 31, 2026 |
| BLACK MOTOR SPORT LLC | MVD-15584 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Oct 31, 2026 |
| BMW OF LYNNWOOD NORTH SEATTLE AUTO PARTNERS, LLC | MVD-15570 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Oct 31, 2026 |
| BOTYO ALEKSANDROV BOTYO METODIEV ALEKSANDROV | LIMO-6032502550001 | Limousine Carrier | Nov 30, 2026 |
| CAR CRAFT AUTO SALES, INC. | MVD-08759 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Mar 31, 2027 |
| CAR MARKET AUTO SALES CAR MARKET AUTO SALES INC. | MVD-17349 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | May 31, 2027 |
| CARFRESH AUTO SALES TOMMY KYONG MUN CHUNG | MVD-07952 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Apr 30, 2027 |
| CARTER ACURA OF LYNNWOOD CARTER LYNNWOOD, INC. | MVD-12416 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Oct 31, 2026 |
| CATS EXOTICS, INC. | MVD-02546 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Dec 31, 2026 |
| CHAUFFEUR ANYWHERE COMPANY | LIMO-6044498650001 | Limousine Carrier | May 31, 2027 |
| CITY LIGHT TOWNCAR SERGEY KALMYKOV | LIMO-6051825080001 | Limousine Carrier | Apr 30, 2027 |
| CLUB AUTO SALES LLC | MVD-16998 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Oct 31, 2026 |
| COCO'S AUTO REPAIR PEDRO AUTO REPAIR LLC | TRSP-12731 | Vehicle Transporter | Nov 30, 2026 |
| COSTCO WHOLESALE #1190 COSTCO WHOLESALE CORPORATION | VSL-07439 | Vessel Dealer | May 31, 2027 |
| CREATIVE DRIVE AUTO SALES THE CREATIVE DRIVE LLC | MVD-14509 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Jan 31, 2027 |
| DAILY DEALS AUTO SALES DAILY DEALS AUTO SALES LLC | MVD-12030 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Dec 31, 2026 |
| DAILY DEALS AUTO SALES DAILY DEALS AUTO SALES LLC | MVDS-12030 | Motor Vehicle Dealer Subagency | — |
| DANIA LIMO MILAD KADHIM | LIMO-6061260240001 | Limousine Carrier | May 31, 2027 |
| DAVES TRANSPORT DAVES TRANSPORTATION, LLC | TRSP-14210 | Vehicle Transporter | May 31, 2027 |
| DBA BLUE CAB #372 OLYAD AMENTIE | FH-6045147020001 | For Hire | Sep 30, 2027 |
| DBA YELLOW CAB # 117 | FH-6016107770002 | For Hire | Nov 30, 2026 |
| DBA YELLOW CAB # 185 D H S EXPRESS LLC | FH-6026606530004 | For Hire | Oct 31, 2026 |
| DIACHENKO, IHOR IHOR DIACHENKO | TRSP-16610 | Vehicle Transporter | Mar 31, 2027 |
| DK TOWING LLC | TRSP-15669 | Vehicle Transporter | Jan 31, 2027 |
| DOUG'S AFFORDABLE TOWING, LLC | TRSP-09619 | Vehicle Transporter | Mar 31, 2027 |
| DOUG'S CREDIT CENTER ADZAM, INC. | MVDS-02875 | Motor Vehicle Dealer Subagency | Mar 31, 2027 |
| DREAMCAR AUTO SALES LLC | MVD-12742 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Sep 30, 2027 |
| EAGLE TOWNCAR SERVICE MINTESINOT B SELEWONDIM | LIMO-6031900620001 | Limousine Carrier | Mar 31, 2027 |
| EASTSIDE AUTO BROKERS LLC | MVD-15332 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Mar 31, 2027 |
| EASTSIDE EXPRESS TOWN CAR ERNEST S SAGIYAN | LIMO-6019997420003 | Limousine Carrier | Mar 31, 2027 |
| EDMONDS AUTO BROKERS EDMONDS AUTO BROKERS LLC | MVD-10884 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Dec 31, 2026 |
| EDMONDS CAR & TRUCK CENTER ANTRIL ENTERPRISES, INC. | MVD-03724 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Nov 30, 2026 |
| EFG TOWNCAR GIRMAYE MULUGETA G MARIAM | LIMO-6030197470002 | Limousine Carrier | May 31, 2027 |
| ELITE AUTO GALLERIES ELITE AUTO GALLERIES LLC | MVD-12772 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Dec 31, 2026 |
| ELITE RIDES SERVICE BURHAN ABID | LIMO-6047220340002 | Limousine Carrier | Mar 31, 2027 |
| ESPINOZA AUTO REPAIRS LLP | TRSP-15018 | Vehicle Transporter | May 31, 2027 |
| EXCEL MOTORS LLC | WHSL-08262 | Motor Vehicle Wholesaler | Aug 31, 2027 |
| FOLONKO TOWING FOLONKO TOWING LLC | TRSP-16677 | Vehicle Transporter | Jan 31, 2027 |
| FRIENDS & FAMILY AUTO REPAIRS FNU SAMMIULLAH | TRSP-15637 | Vehicle Transporter | Jun 30, 2027 |
| G & R AUTO SALES, INC. | MVD-03954 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | May 31, 2027 |
| GALAXY CREW LLC | LIMO-6062638000001 | Limousine Carrier | Jul 31, 2027 |
| GURUNG KHUSIMAN GURUNG | LIMO-6042017600001 | Limousine Carrier | Dec 31, 2026 |
| HANSEN BROS. TRANSFER & STORAGE CO. HANSEN BROS TRANSFER STORAGE CO INC | MVD-17237 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Apr 30, 2027 |
| HANSEN BROS. TRANSFER & STORAGE CO. HANSEN BROS TRANSFER STORAGE CO INC | MISC-17238 | Misc Vehicle Dealer | Apr 30, 2027 |
| HARBOUR POINTE TOWING & SERVICE KELLY SUE DELFEL | TRSP-07404 | Vehicle Transporter | Mar 31, 2027 |
| HAUGE, ROBERT D ROBERT D HAUGE | TRSP-17592 | Vehicle Transporter | Jun 30, 2027 |
| HENRYS AUTO DETAIL INC | TRSP-08001 | Vehicle Transporter | May 31, 2027 |
| IDEN'S DEALER SERVICES, LLC | TRSP-13202 | Vehicle Transporter | Nov 30, 2026 |
| INFINITI OF LYNNWOOD LYNNWOOD INFINITI, INC. | MVD-02528 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Jul 31, 2027 |
| INSTANT INC INSTANT AUTO BODY INC | MVD-15121 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Nov 30, 2026 |
| IVO TSANEV IVO N TSANEV | LIMO-6035205570001 | Limousine Carrier | Feb 28, 2027 |
| J & R MOTORSPORTS, INC. | MVD-02399 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Mar 31, 2027 |
| JAGUAR LAND ROVER SEATTLE FIELDS PAG, INC. | MVDS-15946 | Motor Vehicle Dealer Subagency | Nov 30, 2026 |
| JC AUTO RESTORATION TRANSPORTER, INC. J C AUTO RESTORATION, INC. | TRSP-12654 | Vehicle Transporter | Dec 31, 2026 |
| JDM HOUSE MOTORSPORTS LLC | TRSP-15675 | Vehicle Transporter | Apr 30, 2027 |
| KAIRABA AUTO SALES KAIRABA AUTO SALES LLC | MVD-14718 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Feb 28, 2027 |
| KINDRED AUTO SALES LLC | MVD-14199 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Jan 31, 2027 |
| LAKESIDE AUTO LLC | MVD-16925 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Feb 28, 2027 |
| LAKESIDE AUTO LLC | VSL-16926 | Vessel Dealer | Feb 28, 2027 |
| LAND ROVER LYNNWOOD HOLMAN LYNNWOOD AUTOMOTIVE, LLC | MVD-16102 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Mar 31, 2027 |
| LANG AUTOSPORTS INC | MVD-01378 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Apr 30, 2027 |
| LEXUS OF SEATTLE, LLC KUNI WASHINGTON MOTORS, LLC | MVD-03707 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Nov 30, 2026 |
| LOCK UNLOCK LLC | TRSP-11076 | Vehicle Transporter | Feb 28, 2027 |
| LS MOTORSPORTS LLC | MVD-11828 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Jan 31, 2027 |
| LUX SUV | LIMO-6042895740002 | Limousine Carrier | May 31, 2027 |
| LYNNWOOD MOTOPLEX LYNNWOOD YAMAHA, INC. | MISC-06177 | Misc Vehicle Dealer | Jul 31, 2027 |
| LYNNWOOD MOTOPLEX LYNNWOOD YAMAHA, INC. | SNOW-10158 | Snowmobile Dealer | Jul 31, 2027 |
| LYNNWOOD MOTOPLEX LYNNWOOD YAMAHA, INC. | VSL-08383 | Vessel Dealer | Jul 31, 2027 |
| LYNNWOOD RECYCLING CENTER DOONGLE CORPORATION | SMR-13862 | Scrap Metal Recycler | Jan 31, 2027 |
| LYNNWOOD RECYCLING CENTER DOONGLE CORPORATION | SMP-13861 | Scrap Metal Processor | Jan 31, 2027 |
| LYNNWOOD TOWING, LLC LYNNWOOD TOWING LLC | TRSP-10615 | Vehicle Transporter | Mar 31, 2027 |
| MERCEDES-BENZ OF LYNNWOOD FIELDS LYNNWOOD LLC | MVD-15763 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Jun 30, 2027 |
| MERIDIAN ELITE LLC | LIMO-6060052590001 | Limousine Carrier | Mar 24, 2027 |
| MJM MOTORS LLC | MISC-06999 | Misc Vehicle Dealer | Sep 30, 2027 |
| MJM MOTORS LLC | MVD-00906 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Sep 30, 2027 |
| MORA LIMO LLC | LIMO-6061473170001 | Limousine Carrier | Jun 30, 2027 |
| MOST WANTED AUTO SALES & CUSTOM GARAGE NADTOCHII LLC | MVD-16946 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Nov 30, 2026 |
| MRF AUTO COLLISION & REPAIR LLC | TRSP-15699 | Vehicle Transporter | Oct 31, 2026 |
| MTM SOLUTIONS LLC | MVD-07354 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Jun 30, 2027 |
| MUNICH EVOLUTION LLC | MVD-07674 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Feb 28, 2027 |
| MUNKHZUL ENKHEE | LIMO-6056962020001 | Limousine Carrier | Apr 30, 2027 |
| NA TRANSPORT INC | TRSP-13940 | Vehicle Transporter | Apr 30, 2027 |
| NAZ AUTO SALES LLC | MVD-00045 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Jan 31, 2027 |
| NAZ AUTO SALES LLC | MVDS-00045 | Motor Vehicle Dealer Subagency | Jan 31, 2027 |
| NN LIMO SERVICES DIL BAHADUR TAMANG | LIMO-6041743270001 | Limousine Carrier | Oct 31, 2026 |
| OLYMPIC AUTOMOTIVE JIBRAN AHMED SHEIKH | MVD-10544 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Nov 30, 2026 |
| OMELYANA TOWING LLC OMELYANA TOWING & RECOVERY, LLC | TRSP-16422 | Vehicle Transporter | Jan 31, 2027 |
| OMELYANA TOWING, LLC | TRSP-15623 | Vehicle Transporter | Jul 31, 2027 |
| ONE TAXI #2212 YONAS ALEMANYEHU | FH-6031648030002 | For Hire | Dec 31, 2026 |
| ONE TAXI #2281 HAILU M GAJO | FH-6032153210003 | For Hire | Jun 30, 2027 |
| ONE TAXI #2436 ABENET A BALCHA | FH-6031735120004 | For Hire | Dec 31, 2026 |
| PAULS LAST DETAIL SALON | TRSP-08532 | Vehicle Transporter | Jul 31, 2027 |
| PERFORMANCE MOTORS AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC | TRSP-15320 | Vehicle Transporter | Mar 31, 2027 |
| PIERRE FORD OF LYNNWOOD HARRIS-FORD, INC. | MVD-01195 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Dec 31, 2026 |
| PIXEL TOWING LLC | TRSP-17227 | Vehicle Transporter | Nov 30, 2026 |
| PORSCHE SEATTLE NORTH SWICKARD LYNNWOOD P, LLC | MVD-14938 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Aug 31, 2027 |
| PRECISION AUTO CARE SFM SERVICES LLC | TRSP-15238 | Vehicle Transporter | Mar 31, 2027 |
| PRESTIGE WINDOW TINTING, L.L.C. | TRSP-07714 | Vehicle Transporter | Apr 30, 2027 |
| PROMPT RIDE SEATLLE LIMOS 1 LIMOS 786 LLC | LIMO-6032027470002 | Limousine Carrier | Apr 30, 2027 |
| QUALITY AUTO CENTER QUALITY AUTO CENTER, L.L.C. | MVD-02530 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Feb 28, 2027 |
| R & R STAR TOWING, INC. | TOW-05479 | Registered Tow Truck Operator | Sep 30, 2027 |
| R & R STAR TOWING, INC. | TOWB-05479 | Registered Tow Truck Operator Branch Storage | Sep 30, 2027 |
| R & R STAR TOWING, INC. | HULK-00929 | Motor Vehicle Hulk Hauler | Sep 30, 2027 |
| R & R STAR TOWING, INC. | TRSP-14673 | Vehicle Transporter | Sep 30, 2027 |
| RAE'S AUTO BODY RACHAEL ANN KOHLIEBER | TRSP-10412 | Vehicle Transporter | Jun 30, 2027 |
| REAL DEAL CARS LLC | MVDS-11491 | Motor Vehicle Dealer Subagency | Jul 31, 2027 |
| RED SEA TRANSIT LLC | FH-6058948640001 | For Hire | — |
| RELIEVE MEDICAL TRANSPORTATION LLC | FH-6053612240002 | For Hire | Jul 31, 2027 |
| REYES AUTO SALES LLC REYES AUTO SALES, LLC | MVD-13945 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Mar 31, 2027 |
| RS MOTORS LLC | MVD-13446 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Dec 31, 2026 |
| RUFUS POWER BOATS LLC | VSL-14595 | Vessel Dealer | Sep 30, 2026 |
| RUFUS POWER BOATS LLC | MISC-15506 | Misc Vehicle Dealer | Sep 30, 2026 |
| SAMARDZIC AUTO DETAIL ALEKSANDAR SAMARDZIC | TRSP-17576 | Vehicle Transporter | Jul 31, 2027 |
| SANDBERG VOLVO CARS NORTHWEST MOTORS, INC. | MVD-01950 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Jul 31, 2027 |
| SEA AUTO CARE LLC | TRSP-14686 | Vehicle Transporter | Feb 28, 2027 |
| SEAPAC AUTO LUCRATIVE CORPORATION | TRSP-10377 | Vehicle Transporter | Jul 31, 2027 |
| SEATAC LEGEND LLC | LIMO-6052469410001 | Limousine Carrier | May 31, 2027 |
| SEATTLE AUTO SEATTLE AUTO, INC. | MVD-00676 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Jul 31, 2027 |
| SEATTLE AUTOWERX JASON FRASER ENTERPRISES INC. | MVDS-07019 | Motor Vehicle Dealer Subagency | Mar 31, 2027 |
| SEATTLE DIRECT AUTO SALES SEATTLE DIRECT AUTO SALES LLC | MVD-00255 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Jan 31, 2027 |
| SEATTLE FINEST MOTORS SEATTLE FINEST MOTORS LLC | MVD-07645 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Jun 30, 2027 |
| SEAVIEW GMC SEAVIEW AUTO CENTER, INC. | MVD-03075 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Oct 31, 2026 |
| SNO KING AUTO SALES SNO KING AUTO SALES LLC | MVD-10869 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Aug 31, 2027 |
| SOUTH STYLE MOTORS SALES & SERVICE LLC | MVD-16582 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Apr 30, 2027 |
| SPORTS CARS INTERNATIONAL FRONTLINE AUTO CENTRE INC | MVDS-07541 | Motor Vehicle Dealer Subagency | — |
| SPORTS CARS INTERNATIONAL FRONTLINE AUTO CENTRE INC | MISC-14412 | Misc Vehicle Dealer | Aug 31, 2027 |
| SPORTS CARS INTERNATIONAL FRONTLINE AUTO CENTRE INC | VSL-14243 | Vessel Dealer | Aug 31, 2027 |
| SPORTS CARS INTERNATIONAL FRONTLINE AUTO CENTRE INC | MVD-07541 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Aug 31, 2027 |
| SRTC LIMO SRTC TRANSPORTATION GROUP LLC | LIMO-6060809370001 | Limousine Carrier | Mar 31, 2027 |
| STREAMLINE MOTORS LLC | MVD-02848 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Feb 28, 2027 |
| STREAMLINE MOTORS LLC | VSL-14255 | Vessel Dealer | Feb 28, 2027 |
| TAKUMI MOTOR COMPANY PACIFIC PEAK TRADING LLC | MVD-17891 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Jun 30, 2027 |
| TESFALDET, MATIWOS MATIWOS TESFALDET | FH-6059268990001 | For Hire | — |
| TGM TOP GEAR MOTORS LLC | MVD-11175 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Feb 28, 2027 |
| THE LIMO CLUB LLC | LIMO-6058930380001 | Limousine Carrier | Dec 31, 2026 |
| TONY HA TRANSPORT HAN H HA | TRSP-11400 | Vehicle Transporter | Mar 31, 2027 |
| TOP PRIORITY | LIMO-6048504020001 | Limousine Carrier | Dec 31, 2026 |
| TOP SPEC AUTO SALES LLC | MVD-13869 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | May 31, 2027 |
| TREV'S TOWING & TRANSPORT, LLC | TRSP-10842 | Vehicle Transporter | Feb 28, 2027 |
| ULTIMATE CARE TRANS, LLC | FH-6041219660001 | For Hire | May 31, 2027 |
| UNITED TRANSPORTATION SERVICE LLC | FH-6035143980001 | For Hire | Jun 30, 2027 |
| UNIVERSITY AUDI LYNNWOOD FREEWAY MOTORS, INC. | MVDS-02565 | Motor Vehicle Dealer Subagency | Nov 30, 2026 |
| VIARV LLC | MVD-10100 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Feb 28, 2027 |
| VIKTOR GESHEV | LIMO-6031784770001 | Limousine Carrier | Mar 31, 2027 |
| VSU AUTO REPAIR LLC | TRSP-16637 | Vehicle Transporter | Jun 30, 2027 |
| WALLY'S TOWING WALLY'S TOWING, INC. | HULK-00919 | Motor Vehicle Hulk Hauler | Sep 30, 2026 |
| WALLY'S TOWING WALLY'S TOWING, INC. | TRSP-09318 | Vehicle Transporter | Sep 30, 2026 |
| WALLY'S TOWING WALLY'S TOWING, INC. | TOW-05718 | Registered Tow Truck Operator | Sep 30, 2026 |
| WEST COAST MOTOR GROUP SEAVIEW MOTORS LLC | MVD-17129 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Oct 31, 2026 |
| WESTERN AUTO BROKERS WESTERN AUTO BROKERS LLC | MVD-07480 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Jan 31, 2027 |
| WHEELS & DEALS WHEELS & DEALS LLC | MVD-00574 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Sep 30, 2027 |
| WHOLESALE TRUCKS AND VANS WORK AND MORE AUTO "LLC" | MVD-12327 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Oct 31, 2026 |
| YELLOW CAB ISSAK ABRAHAM KUBROM | FH-6019382620005 | For Hire | Feb 28, 2027 |
| YELLOW CAB RIM KIDANU | FH-6051753790001 | For Hire | Apr 30, 2027 |
| YELLOW CAB #524 | FH-6046876260002 | For Hire | Dec 31, 2026 |
| ZAK AUTO SALES LLC | MVD-17474 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Jul 31, 2027 |
| ZIPSTAR AUTO SALES ZIPSTAR, INC. | MVD-10284 | Motor Vehicle Dealer | Apr 30, 2027 |
| ZONGLI LLC | LIMO-6059329530001 | Limousine Carrier | Oct 31, 2026 |
Alphabetical order — this site ranks no one. Active licenses in the Washington State Department of Licensing file of October 1, 2026. Expired and terminated licenses are found by search. How to read this.